AS 324 - INTRODUCTION
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This course was first offered at ERAU in Spring 2016 as an experimental course, entitled AS 395AA. Today the course is part of the BS in Unmanned Aircraft, entitled AS 324.
The students who took this first-of-its-kind course in the nation were all research assistants as well as test subjects. I shall be forever indebted to them! I mention their names in proud recognition and eternal gratitude.
Hayden Akers, Muath Alhakami, Mohammed Alharbi, Bador Alhazmi, Husien Aljahdali, Abdulaziz (Aziz) Alruziza, Majed Alsafh, Jaffar Alsayadi, Ameen Alshangiti, Mohammed Alsigh, Josue Arriaza, Abdul-Rahman Basamh, Andrew Billson, Glenn (Oby) Borland, Ryan Cox, Tyler Green, Destiny Jackson, Melissa May, Michael Mendez, Adham Musawi, Brock Nelson, Jonghan Park, Brandon Pelato, Ben Salisbury, Waleed Samman, Holden Saunders, Makenna Stockham, Devin Taylor, Jon Thurman, Richard (Atlas) Vargas.
HELPFUL LINKS:
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University - HAZY LIBRARY
Embry Riddle Aeronautical University - Hein Online database "Air & Space Law"
Civil Aviation Authorities by country
FAA regulatory and guidance library
How to translate pdfs in different languages
EUROCONTROL - National UAS Regulations
These are the learning outcomes for EACH Country or State in the US.
1. Foundational Knowledge: Understand the different airspace unique to each country within which you are likely to operate the UAS once working in that industry.
2. Application: Make sound operational decisions based on the type of activities and limitations of your UAS and the rules within which you can operate.
3. Integration: Connect the various rules with the airspace of each country so as to perform legal and safe UAS operations.
4. Human Dimension: Interact professionally with others in the regulatory agencies regarding licenses, certifications, or permits necessary to fly your UAS.
5. Caring: Value the rules of each country by respecting the reasons for that country's implementation of said rules.
6. Learning how to learn: Identify all applicable important sources of information so that as the airspace and/or rules change over time, you can always access the most accurate, trustworthy, and current information.
The document below (spreadsheet) illustrates how the learning outcomes of AS 324 align with the degree as a whole and other metrics:
Microsoft Excel sheet [13.1 KB]
The document below (spreadsheet) is for you to use as a template when amassing your global portfolio:
Microsoft Excel sheet [34.7 KB]
Here is a list of civil aviation authorities by country
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SCHEDULE:
Microsoft Word document [6.7 MB]
International Civil Aviation Organization - ICAO - Policy
ICAO, a special agency of the United Nations, promotes “the safe and orderly development of international civil aviation throughout the world. It sets standards and regulations necessary for aviation safety, security, efficiency, and regularity, as well as aviation environmental protection.”
The goal of ICAO in addressing unmanned aviation is to provide the fundamental international regulatory framework to support routine operation of UAS throughout the world in a safe, harmonized, and seamless manner comparable to that of manned operations.
Current ICAO guidance material for UAS is published in ICAO Circular 328, “Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) Circular,” which provides basic guidelines for Member States to introduce and integrate UAS into airspace in a consistent manner, to ensure global interoperability and regulatory compatibility, when possible.
The document’s guiding policy on UAS is:
“A number of Civil Aviation Authorities (CAA) have adopted the policy that UAS must meet the equivalent levels of safety as manned aircraft... In general, UAS should be operated in accordance with the rule governing the flight of manned aircraft and meet equipment requirements applicable to the class of airspace within which they intend to operate...To safely integrate UAS in non-segregated airspace, the UAS must act and respond as manned aircraft do. Air Traffic, Airspace and Airport standards should not be significantly changed. The UAS must be able to comply with existing provisions to the greatest extent possible.”
ICAO develops Standards and Recommended Practices (SARP), which are generally followed by national civil aviation authorities of the Member States. The United States is an ICAO Member State, and the FAA plans to harmonize with international efforts and adhere to ICAO SARPs when possible.
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June 11, 2019 - EASA publishes final rule
On 5 May 2017 EASA published the Notice of Proposed Amendment 2017-05
(A).
And on 12 May 2017 EASA published the Notice of Proposed Amendment 2017-05
(B).
Both of these documents introduce a regulatory framework for the operation of civil drones and
pertain to unmanned aircraft system (UAS) operations in the “open” and “specific” category.
In accordance with Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 (hereinafter referred to as the ‘Basic Regulation’), the regulation of unmanned aircraft
systems (UAS) with a maximum take-off mass (MTOM) of less than 150 kg falls within the competence of the European Union (EU) Member States.
This leads to a fragmented regulatory system hampering the development of a single EU market for UAS and cross-border UAS operations.
A new proposed Basic Regulation (hereinafter referred to as ‘the new Basic Regulation’), currently
under discussion between the European Council, the European Commission, and the European Parliament, aims to solve this issue, by extending the competence of the EU to regulate all UAS regardless of
their MTOM.
In view of the adoption of this new Basic Regulation, the objective of NPAs is
to:
l Ensure an operation-centric, proportionate, risk- and performance-based regulatory framework for all UAS operations conducted in the open and specific
category;
l Ensure a high and uniform level of safety for UAS;
l Foster the development of the UAS market; and
l Contribute to enhancing privacy, data protection, and security.
These NPAs proposes to create a new regulation (hereinafter referred to as ‘Regulation (EU) 201X/XXX’) defining the measures to mitigate the
risk of operations in:
l The open category through a combination of limitations, operational rules, requirements for the competence of the remote pilot, as
well as technical requirements for the UAS; and
l The specific category through a system including a risk assessment conducted by the operator before starting an operation, or the
operator complying with a standard scenario, or the operator holding a certificate with privileges.
Regulation (EU) 201X/XXX will provide flexibility to Member States, mainly by allowing them to create zones on their territory where the use
of UAS would be prohibited, limited or on the contrary facilitated.
Pursuant to new Basic Regulation, market product legislation (CE marking) ensures compliance with
the technical requirements for mass-produced UAS operated in the open category.
A dedicated Annex (Part-MRK) to Regulation (EU) 201X/XXX is proposed to define the conditions for
making UAS available on the market.
Regulation (EU) 201X/XXX is expected to increase the level of safety of UAS operations, harmonise
legislation among the EU Member States, as well as create an EU market that will reduce the cost of the UAS and allow cross-border operations.
The stakeholders that will be affected by this regulation are: Operators (private & commercial), competent authorities, Member States, flight crews, remote pilots, maintenance staff, UAS manufacturers, other airspace users (manned aircraft), service providers air traffic management (ATM/air navigation services (ANS) and other ATM network functions, air traffic services (ATS) personnel, aerodromes, the general public, model aircraft associations.
Downloads below
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RTCA, Inc. (Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics) is a private, not-for-profit corporation that develops consensus-based recommendations regarding communications, navigation, surveillance, and air traffic management system issues. RTCA functions as a Federal Advisory Committee, and the FAA considers RTCA recommendations when making policy, program, and regulatory decisions. RTCA Special Committee 203 (SC-203) (SC-203 is cancelled and now SC-228 is in effect) was established in 2004 to help assure the safe, efficient, and compatible operation of UAS with other aircraft operating within the NAS. This Special Committee has developed and documented guiding principles for UAS integration, which are summarized below:
-
UAS must operate safely, efficiently, and compatibly with service providers and other users of the NAS so that overall safety is not degraded;
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UAS will have access to the NAS, provided they have appropriate equipage and the ability to meet the requirements for flying in various classes of airspace;
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Routine UAS operations will not require the creation of new special use airspace, or modification of existing special use airspace;
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Except for some special cases, such as small UAS (sUAS) with very limited operational range, all UAS will require design and airworthiness certification to fly civil operations in the NAS;
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UAS pilots will require certification, though some of the requirements may differ from manned aviation;
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UAS will comply with ATC instructions, clearances, and procedures when receiving air traffic services;
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UAS pilots (the pilot-in-command) will always have responsibility for the unmanned aircraft while it is operating;
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And UAS commercial operations will need to apply the operational control concept as appropriate for the type of operation, but with different functions applicable to UAS operations.
Through an FAA-established UAS Aviation Rulemaking Committee (ARC), the FAA continues to collaborate with government and industry stakeholders for recommendations regarding the path toward integration of UAS into the NAS. This effort will harmonize with the work being done by international organizations working toward a universal goal of safe and efficient UAS airspace operations.
EUROCAE:The European Organization for Civil Aviation Equipment is a non-profit organization dedicated to aviation standardization since 1963. The organization is composed of member, which are specialized in one or several technical fields of aeronautics, and many of them are considered to be among the world's leaders in their domain. Members include equipment and airframe manufacturers, regulators, European and International civil aviation authorities, air navigation service provider (ANSP), and airports.
United Nations Considering Global Drone Guidelines
Two-day event will address possible regulations in the growing market.
Library of Congress: Regulation of Drones: European Union
Adobe Acrobat document [427.1 KB]
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